Sudden immersion in cold water can result in an over-simulation of nerves, causing a cardiac arrest. Prolonged immersion in cold water may cause hypothermia and exacerbate shock. Spasms in the throat and inhalation of water can block the airway causing hypoxia and drowning. There are four stages that your body goes through during cold water shock, rapid breathing causing hyperventilation, rise in blood pressure to combat hyperthermia, decrease in mental capability and finally muscles cool strength goes so you cant swim and so drown.

Hypothermia is a serious, cold-induced emergency that happens when the body loses heat faster than it can generate it, leading to a drop in core body temperature below 95° F (35° C). This condition usually affects individuals exposed to cold air, cold water, or a combination of both. However, hypothermia can also develop in milder weather conditions if a person is exposed for an extended period to wet or windy environments, damp clothing, or excessive sweating.

Seasickness occurs when your body sends conflicting signals to your brain, causing a loss of spatial orientation and resulting in nausea. One common cause is focusing on moving objects, which can confuse the brain. Consuming fatty foods before or during sailing, as well as excessive alcohol intake, can disrupt the digestive system and contribute to feeling unwell. Additionally, breathing in diesel fumes may cause discomfort, and witnessing others being sick can often trigger similar symptoms in yourself.

An average of 400 people drown every year, with men and children most likely to be affected. Two out of three drownings occur inland. Men are four times more likely to drown than women. Younger men are especially at risk and there is a distinct peak in the 20-29 age group. Drowning is quiet and quick. Immediate action begin CPR with 5 rescue breaths not 3 as normal.

An unconscious casualty should be placed in the recovery position as this helps to maintain a clear airway, clear the airway of excretions and assist with natural breathing.

Survival from a heart attack is given by the European Resuscitation Council as under eight percent and many factors will contribute to individual survival chances. Symptoms can include pain or discomfort in your chest that happens suddenly and doesn't go away. Pain that spreads to your left or right arm, or to your neck, jaw, back or stomach. For some people, the pain or tightness is severe, while for others it’s uncomfortable. After recognition of a possible heart attack, it is essential to call for help before anything else, starting the chain of survival. With no signs of normal breathing start CPR.

The Primary Survey is a systematic process of approaching, identifying and dealing with immediate and / or life-threatening conditions. The Primary Survey can be remembered by the acronyms; DRS: Danger, Response, Shout ABCD: Airways, Breath, Circulation and Defibrillator. The Secondary Survey (Head-To-Toe) should be carried out, only after first survey has dealt with any life-threatening injuries.

You should only assist a casualty if you feel willing and capable. Whether you are a healthcare professional or a bystander, you are not legally obligated to help in an emergency unless you caused it but abandoning someone known to be in danger could result in liability for failing to act. However, if you choose to offer help, you then take on a duty of care for that person. By beginning treatment, you accept responsibility for their well-being.